We have seen many claims for roof shingles that were blown off, especially on corners. In the worst cases, not only the shingles but the protective layers underneath were compromised, allowing water to soak the wood and insulation. Flat rolled roofs had similar issues when the wind got under edges and caused peeling or bubbling, or scoured off the gravel surface. Metal roofs survived the storms better than other roof types.

Preventative steps:

• Look for signs of damage after strong winds, snow and hail storms, and repair promptly.

• For shingled roofs, replace or recement shingles showing any sign of potential lifting. For flat rolled roofs, look closely at loose fascia and edge flashing.

• Use shingles rated for at least 110 mph wind resistance. Some communities require shingles rated for 150 mph winds.

• Make sure corners and edges are double fastened at the base and protected by additional edging in wind zones.

• Ensure all roof attachments such as solar panels, dish antennas, etc., are secured and will not be damaged or dislodged by strong winds.

Related: Hurricanes and homeowners' insurance deductibles 

2. Fallen trees and large limbs

Irma downed many trees and large limbs that often punched holes in roofs or walls, crushed fences and parked autos, and knocked over power lines. Many of the trees that fall due to high winds have health issues.

Preventative steps:

a. Trim large limbs (8 inches or more in diameter) overhanging homes or detached structures.

b. Watch for signs of an unhealthy condition, including:

i. Soil that is shallow and overly damp, which inhibits growth of a strong root system.

ii. Mushrooms and moss on the ground covering the roots.

iii. Deadening in the crown of the tree – an early sign of root problems.

iv. A gradual increase in the lean of the tree and cracking in the trunk or large limbs.

Related: Is insurance coverage on when the power goes off

Water damage can be caused by backed up drains, water that seeps in through the foundation or widespread flooding. (Photo: American Technologies, Inc.)

3. Rain penetration through roof (not caused by hole in roof)

Roof gutters were clogged or unable to handle the high water volume and the overflow backed up underneath shingles and entered the walls and ceilings of the homes. These water dams can go unnoticed until the roof and walls begin to decay. Roof valleys and depressions also caused problems when water couldn't drain quickly enough.

Preventative steps:

a. Make sure gutters and downspouts are clear, have adequate capacity and discharge to an open area downgradient.

b. Look for roof depressions. Have them inspected for structural damage and repaired to achieve a well-supported and level roof surface.

c. Ensure roof valleys and architectural features on the roof have adequate flashing and waterproofing.

Related: 4 things to know about power surges from hurricane-force winds

4. Water backup through basement drains

Due to Irma, many basement drains became fountains. In some cases, the rain raised the water table above the basement floor and the drain acted like a hole in a boat. In other cases, overwhelmed municipal drainage systems sent water back up connected drains. Finally, sump pumps couldn't keep up with the water coming in, or they stopped due to a power outage.

Preventative steps:

a. Seal pavement/cement around the home's perimeter.

b. Consider getting a sump pump in the basement.

c. Sump pumps should never empty into sewer lines, either municipal or septic systems. They should empty into an open area away and downhill from the building.

d. Set up emergency generators to power sump pumps during power outages. Battery backup may not last for the duration of a major storm.

e. Make sure roof gutters drain far away and downhill from the home. If the property site slopes toward the home, consider a French-drain system.

f. Install backflow valves, especially in case of municipal sewer backup.

g. Move possessions off the floor, including furniture.

Related: 5 things to know about insurance coverage after Hurricane Harvey

5. Surface water flooding

While storm surge from Irma did not meet early predictions, it still caused widespread damage.

Preventative steps:

a. Make sure the seals under exterior doors are tight. Seals degrade over time, so pay extra attention to older doors.

b. Use sandbags around the entire building – or at least doors, other ground-level openings and the sides of the building with the lowest elevation.

c. Move vehicles to higher ground.

Recovery tips

Always put safety as the top priority. If the structure looks compromised, wait until an engineer has certified that the building is safe to enter. Beware of gas leaks. Do not use a candle to access dark areas.

Turn flashlights on before you enter because switching them on can cause a spark. Watch out for live electrical wires and be especially cautious about walking in pooled water. It might be electrified.

Take emergency measures to prevent further loss such as putting a tarp over holes in the roof or patching broken windows. Dry out flooded and rain-soaked areas as soon as possible to minimize the potential for mold.

Finally, beware of unscrupulous contractors and other service providers. Do not pay service providers large upfront fees. Check their status with the Better Business Bureau or a similar agency before agreeing to a contract.

Dan Franzetti is chief claims officer at QBE North America. He has more than 25 years of experience in insurance claims. He has held leadership roles in the North American market and the Australian market, giving him an international perspective on catastrophic claims.