For many, 2016 was an interesting albeit risky year.

In a well-publicized incident during the 2016 electoral cycle, a campaign official was embarrassed by the admission that he had unwittingly clicked on a phishing email, which may have opened a window to a significant security breach. In a completely separate series of events, a well-known restaurant chain saw its brand undergo a series of tarnishing revelations regarding the difficulties with controlling certain bacteria during food preparation.

Both of these cases shared something in common: an initial or inherent risk as well as a larger exposure or series of follow-up effects. In addition, they were both indicative of the kinds of complex risks found in a fully networked and globalized economy. It might be instructive to look at a few recent trends in emerging risks and consider why they may continue or even strengthen.

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Cyber risk

Cyber risk is ever-evolving. Because every security system is vulnerable, no cyber security policy is considered fully comprehensive. The constantly changing nature of cyber risk threats means that while coverage can be written for known risks, these are in a constant state of flux and the next attack will have a different wrinkle.

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