(Bloomberg) -- Each year, millions of American motorists trudge to state inspection stations to make sure their vehicles aren’t violating pollution limits.

At least, that’s what they think they’re doing. As the emissions-cheating scandal involving Volkswagen AG demonstrates, the tests may not be all they are cracked up to be.

“The Volkswagen scandal underscores some huge flaws in the emissions test systems we have in the real world,” said Frank O’Donnell, president of Clean Air Watch, a Washington-based nonprofit. “Dating back to the 1990s, the car inspection tests have been pretty flimsy.”

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