Online automobile policy sales and claims encourage anonymity and ease of scamming. Similarly, the anonymity of the Dark Web may be a breeding ground for trafficking in high-value, stolen medical identities by rings.

Even defining organized insurance crime is a slippery exercise. Generally, such fraud rings are larger than most, have some structure and sophistication, and their operating core frequently comprises an ethnic group.

Hard data is difficult to pin down. According to a 2014 survey on how insurers are using anti-fraud technology conducted by the Coalition Against Insurance Fraud (with assistance from SAS), more than half of the 48 property-casualty insurers said uncovering complex or organized fraud was a major benefit of anti-fraud solutions. More than 20% of insurers also use technology for uprooting money laundering, which is commonly associated with more sophisticated ring-level activity.

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Multi-national fraudsters

Organized rings are a polyglot landscape. Eurasians such as Russians, Armenians, Albanians and Estonians are varsity-level players.

Ring members often learned to siphon the former Soviet government apparatus and exported those criminal career skills to the U.S. Some Eurasian gangs are franchises of the mob back in their home country. Some are freestanding U.S. operations.

Many Spanish-speaking and Caribbean rings control large beachheads in Southern California, South Florida and New York. Haitians, Jamaicans, Mexicans all are active. Cuban rings are major players in Medicare thievery.

West African rings are established as well. Some immigrants seek illegal riches in the U.S. after fleeing violence and upheaval in their home nations. Nigerian criminals, for example, are known for home-healthcare schemes in certain urban areas of Texas.

Staged-crash rings are high-value profit centers for rings spanning numerous ethnic groups. Fake and setup wrecks proliferate densely packed urban regions such as South Florida, Tampa, New York City and Southern California. Crash rings also are moving into Minnesota, perceiving law enforcement and insurers as soft touches.

Organized crime goes global

Organized crime is also restructuring. There are fewer tightly hierarchical gangs like the old-style Italian-American Mafia families. Many ethnic rings are more loosely structured and less pyramid-shaped. A single ring also may traffic in multiple lines of insurance like Medicare and auto.

Mirroring the surge of organized crime globally, rings can be transnational — comprising players from and scheming across multiple nations. Insurance fraud may also just be part of a large portfolio that could include credit cards, money laundering, drugs, extortion, human trafficking and other serious offenses.

“These organizations are using part of this money for other things. It’s been documented through investigations of this money leaving the county, leaving the state of Florida, whether it is back to Cuba, Mexico, the Cayman Islands, [or] Costa Rica. So it’s a lot bigger than what a lot of people understand, and the fact is that it’s not just a staged crash and it’s not just insurance fraud,” Det. Ronnie Cooper, a special investigator with the Hillsboro, Fla. sheriff’s office said in testimony about organized crime to the Florida state legislature.

Zemlyansky highlights in uber form the structure and stealing power of many modern-day organized insurance rings.

He erected a string of sham medical clinics that claimed to treat crash injuries. He was the puppeteer, illegally maneuvering clinic operations. He installed a crooked doctor named Tatyana Gabinskaya as the stooge owner and operator of seven clinics. She had bolted from the former Soviet Union with a medical degree from Leningrad University to make it in America. She got greedy and took home a cool $10,000 each month just to sign paperwork that tried to fool insurers into paying false claims.

Zemlyansky also bribed personal-injury lawyers to sue auto insurers after coaching patients how to fake injuries. And he paid a cadre of recruiters $2,000 to $3,000 for each real or fake crash patient they brought in.

Clinics mass-produced injury claims. They saw up to 150 patients a day. Patients received the same “modality treatments,” including physical therapy or acupuncture, often up to five times a week per patient. It was the same with useless MRIs, X-rays, orthopedics and medical supplies such as neck braces.

Zemlyansky lived the good life — limousines, jewels, shopping sprees at Louis Vuitton and Saks 5th Avenue, plus luxury vacations to Mexico and Atlantic City. He faces up to 100 years in federal prison when sentenced.

Photo: Joseph Sohm/Shutterstock

Medical fraud runs rampant

Armen Karazian is another cautionary tale. He was a vor, or overlord, of a vast Armenian cartel in Southern California. The sprawling ring was led from bases in New York and Los Angeles. Its operations extended throughout the U.S. and internationally.

Karazian erected an archipelago of 118 sham medical clinics spanning 25 states. He looted insurers with $160 million in claims for worthless medical treatment.

He staged crashes to generate bogus injury claims. The gang bribed an employee of a New York City hospital to steal the names and identities of patients. They were recruited for useless crash-injury treatments. Some patients received painful nerve-conduction tests.

Karazian — who drove a $350,000 Rolls Royce — also bled Medicare, long a favorite of organized rings. He masterminded one of the larger attempted Medicare heists in history — about $163 million in false claims.

Many clinics were shams. No patients came for treatment and no doctors were on staff. He simply invented patients and treatments and then slid the bills through Medicare’s payment system. One “clinic” in New York was merely a small office over an auto-body shop in Coney Island. Karazian received three years in federal prison.

The Cuban connection

Cuban rings are a high-profile presence in South Florida. Their activities have a growing diplomatic impact. Permissive U.S. immigration laws have encouraged a thriving pipeline of Cubans who reach the U.S. with minimal scrutiny. All-told, Cuban gangsters steal hundreds of millions of dollars that feed the impoverished island nation’s economy — possibly with state consent.

Until now, Cuba was a safe harbor for lack of an extradition treaty. A big question is whether Cuba will ship fraud fugitives back to the U.S. now that diplomatic channels are being reestablished.

A Cuban-run gang in South Florida lodged at least $20 million worth of treatments for fake injuries and vehicle damage from setup and phony crashes. The takedown was called Operation Sledgehammer because ring members often banged cars with sledgehammers to mimic crash damage.

Most of the nearly 60 federally charged ring members have pled guilty. Ringleader Joel Antonio Simon Ramirez received nine years in prison in December 2014. Five other ringleaders fled to Cuba.

Cuban rings also are America’s dominant health-insurance offenders. They comprise less than 1% of the U.S. population, yet include 41% of the healthcare fraud arrests nationwide, a Sun Sentinel analysis of federal records revealed.

Photo: Ase/Shutterstock

Fraud knows no boundaries

Transnational rings are also growing insurance fraud players. They may draw operatives with special skill sets and connections from around the world, forming loose, project-driven alliances.

One transnational outfit defrauded more than 70 U.S. insurers with a focus on Workers’ Compensation theft. The gang set up headquarters in Dubai. Members were Palestinians, Iranians, Germans, Filipinos, Mexicans and Armenians.

The ring made more than $11 million in false claims for phantom diagnostic testing of phony injuries. Operatives erected a network of 19 sham clinics which were mostly post office boxes or empty storefronts. The medical identities of thousands of people were stolen to provide names for illegally billing insurers. Doctors’ identities also were heisted to forge medical reports.

Bogus check-cashing firms laundered stolen insurance money through Dubai, Armenia and the Philippines. U.S. prosecutors have since dismantled the cartel.

State-sponsored insurance crimes are another order of organized scamming. Cash-poor North Korea allegedly has used fraud to help fill its coffers. In one incident, a North Korean ferry sank off the coastal city of Wonsan, killing 129 people. The North Koreans claimed all passengers automatically received insurance when they bought tickets. The reinsurance claim reached $6 million, though the regime allegedly denied the reinsurers’ own divers access to the wreck.

Photo: Tashatuvango/Shutterstock

Fighting fraud

Fraud fighters are vigorously responding. Irate federal courts are imposing stiffer Medicare jail terms. Miami-based Lawrence Duran was handed 50 years for masterminding an attempted $205 million ransacking.

Strike forces propelled by the U.S. Justice Department and Health and Human Services (HHS) are scuttling Medicare and Medicaid rings in urban hotspots such as Detroit, New York and South Florida.

HHS also is imposing new rules, making it easier to kick cheaters out of Medicare and block shady operators before they enter the system.

And Medicare is dumping its antiquated pay-and-chase strategy. Many insurers are installing predictive analytics, giving them the potential to detect billing anomalies in nearly real time — before the suspicious bills are paid and money disappears.

Strike forces and multi-agency cooperation have proven effective in taking down complex rings. Yet broader conceptual frameworks are needed to further out-pace the dramatic morphing of contemporary insurance crime.

One promising initiative is the Healthcare Fraud Prevention Partnership (HFPP). It brings together HHS, Department of Justice (DOJ) and the HHS inspector general, plus major health plans and top anti-fraud associations. The Coalition Against Insurance Fraud is a founding member.

The HFPP is creating a new business model and speaks to a larger picture of fraud fighting. It is working to erode silos and encourage more collaboration among public and private fraud fighters and among insurers across key lines. Auto, private health, Workers’ Comp and Medicare have a joint interest in derailing medical schemes.

Private insurers have large bodies of insight and leads about auto and health scams, and known crooks. The feds also have large pools of information about Medicare and Medicaid cons.

HFPP members are sharing strategies, best practices and field intelligence and robust data sharing has begun. It is helping identify rings earlier in their crime sprees, thus stemming of flow of lost claims money. Hundreds of millions of dollars in suspicious claims already have been identified.

This highly integrated approach will unearth far more well-hidden crimes, case leads and evidence than each sector can working alone. And with so many organized-crime gangs working multiple crimes such as insurance, banking and credit card fraud, the concentric circles of collaboration should extend outward to other defrauded industries and related government agencies both domestic and international. If transnational fraud is on the rise, so too should be transnational anti-fraud operations.

Organized fraud rings may not use Tommy guns, but they steal more money than Al Capone ever knew existed. One federal prosecutor’s summary of Karazian spoke volumes: “His guilty plea sends a strong message to international gangsters all over the world that if you commit crimes in this country, we will find you and we will prosecute you to the full force of the law,” said Manhattan-based Preet Bharara.

Dennis Jay is the executive director of the Coalition Against Insurance Fraud. More information is available at InsuranceFraud.org.