A survey completed by KCC of the areas most affected by Sandy—namely, New Jersey and New York—reveals that most destruction directly caused by wind occurred along the coast, where wind speeds exceeded 60 mph. 

Clark's field observers concluded that about 25 percent of homes along portions of the New Jersey coast suffered at least minor roof damage, and a “significant percentage” had enough roof damage to warrant a complete roof replacement.

“That's another wild card,” Clark says when asked about roof repairs. “Do you repair part of the roof, or do you replace the roof? It'll be done on a case-by-case basis.” 

Shingles, vinyl and aluminum siding were also damaged to varying degrees, the report outlines. 

In some cases, determining wind damage from storm-surge damage could be tricky, says Clark. While the difference is obvious on some homes, the cause of damage to others is more questionable: The determination comes into play because the peril of storm surge is not covered by a standard Homeowners' insurance policy.

Damages associated with downed trees were widespread on the coast and further inland. Trees fell on homes and other structures such as sheds and fences. 

Clark says the storm was “representative of a 1-in-100-year type of event,” reflecting her firm's use of “characteristic events” to understand risk. Her company's RiskInsight product comes with 100-, 250- and 500-year characteristic events (CEs) for U.S. hurricanes that can be floated every 10 miles along the coast from Texas to the Northeast and superimposed on a company's book of business.

Running a 100-year CE—a Category 1 hurricane with winds of 90 mph—on an area close to where Sandy made landfall came up with about the same amount of insured losses for wind that Sandy delivered, Clark says. The CE was more intense but not as large as Sandy was.