| DOES THE DRIVING AUTOMATION LAW/PROVISION… | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| State | What type of driving automation on public roads does the law/provision permit? | Require an operator to be licensed? | Require an operator to be in the vehicle? | Require liability insurance? |
| Alabama | deployment — commercial motor vehicles only | not addressed | no | yes; $2,000,000 |
| Arizona | deployment | depends on level of vehicle automationFootnote1 | depends on level of vehicle automationFootnote2 | yes |
| Arkansas | deployment — commercial purposes only | yes | depends on level of vehicle automationFootnote3 | yesFootnote4 |
| California | deployment | depends on vehicleFootnote5 | no | yes; $5,000,000 |
| Colorado | deployment | no | not addressed | no |
| Connecticut | testing | yes | yes | yes; $5,000,000 |
| District of Columbia | testing | yesFootnote6 | no | yes; $5,000,000 |
| Florida | deployment | depends on level of vehicle automationFootnote7 | depends on level of vehicle automationFootnote2 | yes |
| Georgia | deployment | depends on level of vehicle automationFootnote7 | depends on level of vehicle automationFootnote2 | yesFootnote8 |
| Hawaii | testing | not addressed | yes | not addressed |
| Illinois | testing | yes | yes | yes |
| Iowa | deployment | yes | depends on level of vehicle automationFootnote2 | yes |
| Kansas | deployment | depends on level of vehicle automationFootnote1 | noFootnote9 | yes |
| Louisiana | deployment — commercial motor vehicles only | depends on vehicleFootnote10 | no | yes; $2,000,000 |
| Maine | testing | not addressed | no | yes; $5,000,000 |
| Massachusetts | testing | yes | yes | yesFootnote11 |
| Michigan | depends on vehicleFootnote12 | yes | no | yes |
| Mississippi | deployment (effective 07/01/23) | not addressedFootnote13 (effective 07/01/23) | no (effective 07/01/23) | yesFootnote14 (effective 07/01/23) |
| Nebraska | deployment | depends on level of vehicle automationFootnote1 | depends on level of vehicle automationFootnote2 | yes |
| Nevada | deployment | depends on level of vehicle automationFootnote7 | depends on level of vehicle automationFootnote2 | yesFootnote15 |
| New Hampshire | deployment | depends on vehicleFootnote16 | depends on level of vehicle automationFootnote2 | yesFootnote17 |
| New Mexico | testing | depends on vehicleFootnote18 | depends on level of vehicle automationFootnote2 | yes; $5,000,000 |
| New York | testing | yes | yes | yes; $5,000,000 |
| North Carolina | deployment | depends on level of vehicle automationFootnote7 | no | yes |
| North Dakota | deployment | depends on level of vehicle automationFootnote7 | depends on level of vehicle automationFootnote2 | yes |
| Ohio | testing | yes | no | yes |
| Oklahoma | deployment | not addressedFootnote13 | no | yes; $1,000,000 |
| Pennsylvania | deployment (effective 07/01/23) | yes (effective 07/01/23) | no (effective 07/01/23) | yes; $1,000,000 (effective 07/01/23) |
| Tennessee | deployment | no | no | yes; $5,000,000 |
| Texas | deployment | no | no | yes |
| Utah | deployment | depends on level of vehicle automationFootnote7 | no | yes |
| Vermont | testing | yes | yes | yes; $5,000,000 |
| Virginia | testing | not addressed | not addressed | no |
| Washington | testing | depends on whether operator present in vehicle | no | yes; $5,000,000 |
| West Virginia | deployment | depends on level of vehicle automationFootnote7 | no | yesFootnote19 |
| DOES THE DRIVING AUTOMATION LAW/PROVISION… | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| State | What type of driving automation on public roads does the law/provision permit? | Require an operator to be licensed? | Require an operator to be in the vehicle? | Require liability insurance? |
- Footnote1 A vehicle that requires a human to take over driving (Level 3 of the SAE Levels of Driving Automation) requires a licensed human driver. ↩
- Footnote2 A vehicle that does not require a human to take over driving (Level 4 or Level 5 of the SAE Levels of Driving Automation) does not require a human to be in the vehicle. ↩
- Footnote3 Arkansas does not require a steering wheel in a "fully autonomous vehicle," which must be "capable of achieving a minimal risk condition" in the event of a failure. ↩
- Footnote4 Arkansas requires an "autonomous vehicle program" to comply with "the minimum liability insurance coverage requirements" under 49 C.F.R. § 387.9 as that section existed on January 1, 2021. ↩
- Footnote5 A vehicle undergoing tests requires a licensed human driver. ↩
- Footnote6 The District requires a "test operator" or "remote operator," who must successfully complete a training program. ↩
- Footnote7 A vehicle that does not require a human to take over driving (Level 4 or Level 5 of the SAE Levels of Driving Automation) does not require a licensed human driver. ↩
- Footnote8 Georgia requires a "fully autonomous vehicle" operating "without a human driver" to have liability insurance equivalent to the minimum required under existing insurance law. ↩
- Footnote9 Although Kansas requires a driver to be physically present in a "driverless-capable vehicle" for the first 12 consecutive months it is in service, this provision does not apply if the vehicle is not intended to carry human occupants or if the vehicle lacks manual controls for driver operation. ↩
- Footnote10 If a vehicle uses a remote driver, that driver must be licensed. ↩
- Footnote11 Massachusetts requires applicants who seek to test to maintain a variety of insurance coverages, including commercial general liability, automobile, and workers compensation insurance. ↩
- Footnote12 Michigan authorizes testing of any "automated motor vehicle" and deployment of "on-demand automated motor vehicle networks." ↩
- Footnote13 The "automated driving system" is considered to be licensed to operate the vehicle. ↩
- Footnote14 Mississippi requires "fully autonomous vehicles" operating without a "human driver" to have liability insurance equivalent to the minimum required under existing insurance law. ↩
- Footnote15 Nevada requires a company or person seeking to test to have $5,000,000 of liability insurance and requires an "autonomous vehicle network company" to have $1,500,000. ↩
- Footnote16 If a vehicle uses a test driver, that driver must be licensed. ↩
- Footnote17 New Hampshire requires "driverless capable vehicles" operating without a "conventional human driver" to have liability insurance equivalent to the minimum required under existing insurance law. ↩
- Footnote18 Testing or operating a vehicle with a driver requires that the driver be trained. ↩
- Footnote19 West Virginia requires a "fully autonomous motor vehicle" operating without a "human driver" to have liability insurance or self-insurance that satisfies existing insurance law. ↩Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Arlington, Virginia USA. www.iihs.org.
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